Tech – 5G data monetization to offset declining voice revenues in Singapore through 2030, forecasts GlobalData

Source: GlobalData

Rising 5G adoption is reshaping Singapore’s mobile revenue mix, offsetting declining voice services and stabilizing market growth through 2030. While legacy voice revenues erode under over-the-top (OTT) pressure, expanding 5G penetration and higher data consumption are driving incremental value.

This transition underscores a structural shift toward data-led monetization, compelling operators to accelerate network investments and refine pricing strategies to sustain profitability, says GlobalData, a leading intelligence and productivity platform.

GlobalData’s Singapore Mobile Broadband Forecast (Q4-2025) reveals that the continued growth in 5G service adoption is set to drive the country’s total mobile service revenue at a moderate compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.7% during 2025 to 2030.

Mobile voice service revenue will decline at a 5.8% CAGR over the forecast period due to the widespread consumer shift towards OTT-based communication platforms and the subsequent decline in voice service average revenue per user (ARPU) levels.

Mobile data service revenue, on the other hand, will increase at a relatively healthy CAGR of 4.4% between 2025 and 2030, driven by continued growth in higher-ARPU yielding-5G subscriptions as 5G services become more widely available across the country.

Kantipudi Pradeepthi, Telecom Analyst at GlobalData, says: “5G services accounted for a major share of total mobile subscriptions in 2025 and will go on to represent over 95% of the total mobile subscriptions in 2030.This growth will be primarily driven by continued rise in demand for highspeed data services, ongoing 5G network expansions by MNOs, and a subsequent increase in availability of 5G services across the nation.”

The average monthly mobile data usage is expected to increase from 10.8 GB in 2025 to about 15.1 GB in 2030, driven by the growing consumption of high-bandwidth online entertainment and social media content over mobile networks.

Singtel will continue to dominate the mobile services market in terms of subscriptions through 2030, given its strong position in both the prepaid and postpaid segments and its focus on 5G network developments and expansion across the country. In May 2025 Singtel launched Singtel 5G+, a next-generation evolution of its 5G network. The operator boosted its 5G networks by deploying low-frequency 700 MHz spectrum earlier this year to be able to deliver up to 40% better network coverage in high-rise buildings, underground and indoor spaces, and in remote-areas, and automatically upgraded 1.5 million existing 5G subscribers to 5G+ at no extra cost.

Pradeepthi concludes: “The outlook reflects a decisive inflection point for Singapore’s telecom market, where value creation is increasingly tied to data-centric services rather than traditional voice. Operators that can effectively monetize rising 5G usage, through differentiated offerings, network quality, and enterprise-driven use cases, will be best positioned to capture growth. However, sustaining margins will depend on balancing aggressive infrastructure investments with innovative pricing models in an increasingly saturated market.”

Notes

Singapore Mobile Broadband Forecast (Q4 2025) quantifies current and future demand and spending on mobile services.
This report is written using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research, and in-house analysis conducted by GlobalData’s team of industry experts

About GlobalData

GlobalData Plc (LSE:DATA) operates an intelligence platform that empowers leaders to act decisively in a world of complexity and change. By uniting proprietary data, human expertise, and purpose-built AI into a single, connected platform, we help organizations see what is coming, move faster, and lead with confidence. Our solutions are used by over 5,000 organizations across the world’s largest industries, providing tailored intelligence that supports strategic planning, innovation, risk management, and sustainable growth.

Energy Sector – Equinor’s first quarter 2026 safety results

Source: Equinor

30 APRIL 2026 – The number of personal injuries and serious incidents per million hours worked has increased in the first quarter of 2026. None of the incidents had major accident potential.

At the end of the quarter, the serious incident frequency per million hours worked (SIF) was 0.26, up from 0.21 in the fourth quarter of 2025. Serious personal injuries are also included in these statistics.

“The number of serious incidents has remained low over a longer perspective. None of the incidents in the first quarter had major accident potential, but there was an increase in the number of personal injuries. Activity associated with work at heights and falling object risk are examples of areas we aim to improve through goal-oriented measures,” says Camilla Salthe, executive vice president for safety, security & sustainability (SSU).

As of the first quarter, the total recordable injury frequency per million hours worked (TRIF) is 2.7 for the last 12 months, up from 2.3 in the fourth quarter of 2025.

Nine oil and gas leaks were recorded over the last 12 months, up from six in the fourth quarter. The degree of severity is classified according to discharge rate.

There were no serious well control incidents in the first quarter.

Improvements together with suppliers

Equinor places great emphasis on refining and strengthening cooperation with its suppliers.

“Cooperation with the suppliers will be crucial to achieve continuous improvement in our safety work. We want a working culture where everyone, regardless of employer, cooperates closely and works as one team,” Salthe says.

During this quarter, Equinor reviewed practices surrounding its see to duty (vis-à-vis suppliers) to identify improvement areas during periods of high activity at the onshore facilities. The review provided a basis for recommendations related to factors such as onboarding and training of supplier personnel, as well as improved cooperation with the suppliers' safety delegate service.

“It's important to maintain a systematic and risk-based approach. This will allow us to spot areas that need improvement at an early stage in cooperation with the suppliers,” Salthe says.

Preventive work

Through the “Always Safe” annual wheel, Equinor works with other operating companies and suppliers to enhance the understanding of factors that prevent safe work. The focus in the “Always Safe” learning package for the second quarter is on preventing personal injuries.

Australia Economy – Budget must build on support for SMEs as pressures rise – Earlypay

Source: Earlypay

Australia’s small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) need this year’s federal budget to focus on practical measures that improve cash flow, support investment and ease cost pressures across the economy.

Last year’s budget backed small business with more than $2 billion in support, including energy bill relief, payment-time measures, digital and cyber programs, and other initiatives. These measures provided important support across the sector, particularly in helping businesses manage rising costs and invest in capability.

Earlypay CEO James Beeson said the next phase of support should be more targeted and focused on the practical needs of businesses.

“This budget cannot be another exercise in short-term relief. It needs to deal seriously with the pressures facing SMEs and set clearer conditions for investment, productivity and sustainable growth,” he said.

“SMEs employ the majority of Australians in the private sector. If they are under pressure, the economy is under pressure.

“Cash flow is the lifeblood of small business, but it also plays a direct role in inflation. When businesses are squeezed, the impact doesn’t stay contained.”

While Mr. Beeson acknowledged the Government has taken steps to support small business in a volatile environment, he said there is an opportunity in this year’s budget to go further and strengthen the foundations for growth.

“Many of these initiatives are designed to support businesses over time. In the current environment, there is also a need for more immediate, cash flow-focused measures,” Mr. Beeson said.

“The most effective way to ease pressure right now is to improve cash flow directly.”

For SMEs, the priorities are clear, and they start with cash flow

1. Improve payment times across the economy

Slow payments remain one of the most persistent and damaging pressures on SME cash flow.

The Federal Government can lead by example by ensuring all public sector entities pay suppliers as quickly as possible. It should also increase pressure on large businesses to improve payment practices across the private sector.

Earlier payments inject cash into supply chains faster, improving liquidity for SMEs and reducing reliance on external funding.

“The faster cash moves through the economy, the better it is for small business,” Mr. Beeson said.

“When government and large businesses pay earlier, it strengthens the entire supply chain. It gives SMEs the working capital they need to operate, invest and grow.”

“Small businesses are always the first to feel the squeeze when supply chains come under pressure, and that’s exactly what we’re seeing right now. Faster payment times are one of the quickest ways to ease that.”

With SMEs employing around two-thirds of Australia’s private sector workforce, improving payment times is one of the most efficient ways to support jobs, business stability and broader economic activity.

Faster payment cycles would also ease the pressure on SMEs to increase prices simply to manage cash flow constraints, helping to stabilise costs across the economy.

2. Provide practical transition support for Payday Super

The shift to Payday Super represents a significant change to how SMEs manage cash flow.

A recent study conducted by Employment Hero reported that 58 per cent of employers remain unaware of the changes, and as many as 40 per cent of businesses may need a line of credit to meet the new timing requirements. That is not a minor compliance change, it is a material cash flow event.

“This is one of the biggest underappreciated changes facing small business,” Mr. Beeson said.

“For many SMEs, this will require a real adjustment in how they manage working capital.”

Rather than delay the reform, the budget should include practical transition support, including education, implementation guidance and temporary measures to ease the impact.

Without that support, many businesses will be forced to absorb or pass on additional costs at a time when margins are already under pressure.

Providing greater flexibility around the timing of other obligations, such as ATO payment arrangements, would help offset this shift and ease short-term cash flow pressure during the transition.

3. Keep the instant asset write-off working full-time

For many SMEs, equipment purchases are not optional, they are how businesses stay productive, competitive and able to grow.

With the Government’s $20,000 Instant Asset Write-Off currently due to expire on June 30, it should be made permanent and expanded to provide greater certainty.

“Certainty drives investment,” Mr. Beeson said.

“If businesses know the settings won’t change year to year, they are far more likely to commit to spending that improves productivity.”

This would support investment in equipment, technology and other productivity-enhancing assets, helping businesses manage rising costs and reduce the need to pass those costs on to customers.

4. Incentives that help SMEs invest, not just hold on

Beyond the instant asset write-off, the budget should support SMEs to invest in the capabilities that make them more efficient, more competitive and better able to manage future disruption.

This includes incentives for technology adoption, energy efficiency upgrades and modern equipment.

“The goal shouldn’t just be to help businesses get through the next few months, it should be to help them come out stronger,” Mr. Beeson said.

More productive businesses are better placed to absorb cost increases rather than pass them on, which helps to contain inflation over time.

5. Targeted tax relief for smaller SMEs

With SMEs employing the majority of Australia’s workforce, there is a strong case for more targeted tax settings that support smaller businesses to reinvest and grow.

Expanding access to lower company tax rates or introducing more flexible tax arrangements for smaller, cash-constrained businesses would provide practical relief and improve cash flow without requiring large new spending programs.

“Targeted tax relief for smaller SMEs would free up capital where it’s needed most: inside the business,” Mr. Beeson said.

“That supports reinvestment, hiring and growth, and reduces the pressure to push costs onto customers.”

6. Rebuilding domestic capability and energy independence

Recent global disruptions have highlighted Australia’s reliance on imported goods and offshore supply chains.

The budget should include targeted incentives to support SMEs to manufacture, produce and source more domestically, particularly in critical sectors such as food production, energy and essential goods.

Supporting SMEs to invest in local production, renewable energy and efficiency would not only strengthen economic resilience, but also reduce exposure to global price shocks that ultimately flow through to Australian consumers.

“Rebuilding domestic capability is about making the economy more resilient and less exposed to external shocks,” Mr. Beeson said.

“With the right incentives, SMEs can play a leading role in strengthening Australia’s economic independence while helping to stabilise costs over time.”

A budget that will be judged on outcomes

With pressure building from both global and domestic factors, this budget will be judged on whether it delivers real improvements to SME cash flow while helping to contain inflation across the economy.

Getting these settings right will be critical to supporting business confidence, investment and sustainable growth across the SME sector.

Earlypay Limited (ASX: EPY) is an Australian-listed lender which delivers flexible working capital finance solutions Australian businesses can rely on.
Earlypay has supported thousands of Australian SMEs for more than 25 years through solutions such as invoice finance and equipment finance – helping them improve cash flow, unlock capital and access a broader range of assets with confidence.

Climate News – Virgin Islands Climate Change Trust Fund launched at Global Sustainable Islands Summit in Gran Canaria

Source: Virgin Islands Climate Change Trust Fund

Landmark initiative marks a new era in climate finance innovation for islands, creating a locally governed mechanism to bridge global climate finance and local implementation.

29 April 2026; Gran Canaria: The Virgin Islands Climate Change Trust Fund was officially launched at the Global Sustainable Islands Summit in Gran Canaria, unveiling a landmark initiative designed to reshape how small island territories access and manage climate finance. Until now, no Overseas Territory had established a dedicated, legally constituted climate finance trust fund of this kind, designed to directly bridge the gap between global climate finance and local implementation.

A new model for climate finance access

The launch positioned the Virgin Islands Climate Change Trust Fund (VICCTF) as a locally governed mechanism designed to mobilise and deliver funding for climate resilience, particularly in jurisdictions that face structural barriers to accessing international climate finance.

The VICCTF is the first dedicated climate finance trust fund mechanism established within a UK Overseas Territory, positioning The Virgin Islands as a pioneer in locally governed climate finance delivery. The model is designed not only to meet domestic resilience needs, but also to serve as a scalable and replicable framework for other small island developing states and territories facing similar structural barriers in accessing international climate finance.

The Virgin Islands delegation, including Deputy Premier and Minister for Environment, Natural Resources and Climate Change, Hon. Julian Fraser, RA, formally launched the Fund during a dedicated session. The session also included contributions from Climate Envoy, Dr. Kedrick Pickering, and a technical presentation by CEO Chamberlain Emmanuel, who outlined the Fund’s design, operational model and financing approach.

The event was livestreamed to a global audience, extending the reach beyond the summit and engaging stakeholders across regions in real time. The launch included a ceremonial handover of a traditional Virgin Islands sloop model, underscoring the Territory’s commitment to translating climate ambition into tangible action.

The Trust Fund’s new branding and updated website were also unveiled, further marking its formal public-facing launch. Visitors to the VICCTF exhibition booth were able to navigate the website’s impact map, showcasing projects aligned with The Virgin Islands’ Climate Change Policy, and autograph the commemorative, hand-crafted tapestry of the new logo.

A legally established and scalable financing mechanism

The VICCTF is a legally established financing mechanism designed to meet the highest international standards. Its mandate is to mobilise and deliver funding for climate resilience in the Territory, and it is positioned to serve other Overseas Territories in the Caribbean. It forms part of The Virgin Islands’ broader commitment to advancing practical solutions to the impacts of climate change and strengthening long-term environmental and economic resilience.

Addressing the climate finance access gap

Overseas Territories such as The Virgin Islands face structural barriers to accessing major international climate finance mechanisms, including the Green Climate Fund and the new Loss and Damage Fund. This creates a persistent gap between available funding and local needs.

The VICCTF has been established to address this challenge by providing a practical, credible pathway to mobilise, manage and deploy climate finance at the local level.

Leadership comments

Deputy Premier Julian Fraser described the initiative as a transformational step in the Territory’s climate strategy:

“There are moments in the history of every country that defines and shapes its future; the launch of the Virgin Islands Climate Change Trust Fund is one of those moments for The Virgin Islands.”

– Hon. Julian Fraser, RA

“It is a trusted credible bridge to connect innovative sources of indigenous and international climate finance with local priority projects to build our resilience and transition to a lower carbon economy.”

– Hon. Julian Fraser, RA

VICCTF CEO Chamberlain Emmanuel emphasised both the Fund’s operating model and its readiness to engage global partners:

“It is not just a trust fund. It is an ecosystem. It’s an entire mechanism ecosystem that pulls in the capacity of multiple institutions at all levels.”

– Chamberlain Emmanuel, CEO, VICCTF

“We are a legally established, independent, operationalised entity and ready to do business with you.”

– Chamberlain Emmanuel, CEO, VICCTF

Next steps: local engagement and implementation

Following its international launch, the Trust Fund will undertake a series of local engagements across The Virgin Islands to connect stakeholders – including government, private sector, civil society, academia and eligible registered associations – with funding opportunities and implementation pathways.

About VICCTF

The Virgin Islands Climate Change Trust Fund is a pioneering climate finance mechanism established to mobilise and deploy funding for climate resilience and sustainability initiatives across The Virgin Islands. It provides a structured, transparent and independent platform to support transformative climate action while improving access to global climate finance for Overseas Territories and small island developing states.

About the Global Sustainable Islands Summit

The Global Sustainable Islands Summit, hosted by Island Innovation, is an international platform designed to strengthen coordination between island governments, institutions and implementation partners. It focuses on supporting the translation of policy priorities into deliverable projects by aligning expertise, finance and governance systems across sectors and regions.

Tech – Firms in Asia Pacific Use ServiceNow to Build AI Operations

Source: Information Services Group, Inc.

ServiceNow's role evolves as organizations advance AI readiness, platform consolidation, ISG Provider Lens® report says

SYDNEY – Enterprises throughout Asia Pacific are expanding their use of the ServiceNow platform as they adapt to changing geopolitical conditions and the rise of AI, according to a new research report published today by Information Services Group (ISG) (Nasdaq: III), a global AI-centered technology research and advisory firm.

The 2026 ISG Provider Lens® ServiceNow Ecosystem Partners report for Asia Pacific finds that organizations are shifting focus from digital transformation to establishing AI readiness and operational resilience. As part of this transition, they are using ServiceNow to improve workflows to address complex regulations and growing cost concerns.

“ServiceNow is an increasingly important part of operational strategy for many enterprises in Asia Pacific,” said Michael Gale, partner and regional leader, ISG Asia Pacific. “The workflow orchestration capabilities of ServiceNow and its partners amplify investments in standardized architectures and stronger data foundations to support scalable, AI-powered automation.”

Enterprises in mature markets in the region, including Australia, New Zealand and Japan, are using ServiceNow in modernization initiatives focused on reducing technical debt and establishing data sovereignty as supply chains shift toward regionalization. These organizations are restructuring legacy workflows and consolidating systems within the platform to meet strict compliance requirements. Many enterprises in Southeast Asia and India are bypassing legacy constraints, adopting ServiceNow within multicloud environments and deploying AI in greenfield settings to achieve faster implementation and scalability.

Despite strong interest in generative AI, enterprises across Asia Pacific are activating AI capabilities cautiously due to governance, cost and data readiness requirements. Many organizations are making foundational improvements, such as ensuring the integrity of configuration management databases and standardized data models within ServiceNow, before enabling AI features. They seek reliable outputs, reduced risk and alignment with policy frameworks.

Enterprises in the region are also consolidating fragmented systems into unified ServiceNow instances to simplify operations and reduce total cost of ownership. By standardizing workflows across business functions, they are improving governance and visibility. Adoption is expanding into industry-specific use cases, particularly in retail and the public sector, where organizations are using ServiceNow to manage operations, enforce compliance and improve service delivery at scale, ISG says.

“ServiceNow allows enterprises in Asia Pacific to bring automation, governance and AI together in one platform,” said Megha Dodke, lead author of the report. “Service providers are helping companies integrate these capabilities into strategies that meet regional and industry-specific requirements.”

The report also explores other trends affecting ServiceNow adoption in APAC, including the significant untapped potential for retail service management platforms in the region and the adoption of frameworks for future agentic AI deployments.

For more insights into the challenges faced by enterprises in Asia Pacific using ServiceNow, along with ISG's advice for addressing them, see the ISG Provider Lens Focal Points briefing here.

The report evaluates the capabilities of 36 providers across three quadrants: ServiceNow Consulting and Implementation Services (Professional Services), ServiceNow Managed Services and Innovation on ServiceNow.

It names Accenture, Capgemini, Cognizant, Deloitte, DXC Technology, Fujitsu, HCLTech, Infosys, NTT DATA, TCS and Wipro as Leaders in all three quadrants. AC3 is named as a Leader in two quadrants and Coforge, Kyndryl and Tech Mahindra as Leaders in one quadrant each.

In addition, Versent (Epicon) is named as a Rising Star — a company with a “promising portfolio” and “high future potential” by ISG's definition — in two quadrants. Coforge is named as a Rising Star in one quadrant.

Customized versions of the report are available from DXC Technology and Versent (Epicon).

In the area of customer experience, HCLTech is named the global ISG CX Star Performer for 2026 among ServiceNow ecosystem providers. HCLTech earned the highest customer satisfaction scores in ISG's Voice of the Customer survey, part of the ISG Star of Excellence™ program, the premier quality recognition for the technology and business services industry.

The 2026 ISG Provider Lens ServiceNow Ecosystem Partners report for Asia Pacific is available to subscribers or for one-time purchase on this webpage: https://ei.isg-one.com/Research/Home

About ISG

ISG (Nasdaq: III) is a global AI-centered technology research and advisory firm. A trusted partner to more than 900 clients, including 75 of the world's top 100 enterprises, ISG is a long-time leader in technology and business services that is now at the forefront of leveraging AI to help organizations achieve operational excellence and faster growth. The firm, founded in 2006, is known for its proprietary market data and research, in-depth knowledge and governance of provider ecosystems, and the expertise of its 1,500 professionals worldwide working together to help clients maximize the value of their technology investments.

Tech – Introducing the Roblox Hybrid Architecture: Democratizing Photorealistic, Multiplayer Gaming

Source: Roblox

Today we are sharing technical insight into an internal project called Roblox Reality to combine hyperscale multiplayer gaming with photorealism. We believe this is a fundamental shift in how multiplayer immersive worlds will be created and experienced. Available in an early version later this year or early next, Roblox Reality is a hybrid architecture combining our distributed Game Engine's structured simulation with edge-based Video World Models for supersampling. This architecture will empower creators of all sizes to author and maintain interactive worlds that blend unprecedented visual fidelity and motion on top of traditional persistence and structure, without increasing development costs.

Roblox Reality is a hybrid architecture blending the capabilities of the Roblox Cloud and Game Engine, with the photorealism of Video World Models. Core world state is durably and efficiently stored on the server to ensure consistency across clients and support consistency over time, sessions, and days using cost and space-efficient storage. Multiplayer gameplay is supported via strong server authority for fairness and consistency, alongside speculative client-side simulation to achieve low latency. For rendering, cloud-based level of detail (LOD) and compositing systems generate high-fidelity assets delivered via a content delivery network (CDN). The Roblox Video Model (Super Upsampler) leverages rendered video and rich data model context to produce stochastic visuals and striking realism, operating on the edge for every player with optimal performance powered by cloud-edge GPU infrastructure. The rich Roblox client would then render this video feed and, in the future, optionally overlay a locally rendered upsampled avatar to maintain very low latency on foreground actions.

In the demos below, we show four videos of different games, including Grow a Garden and Summon Heroes. The video on the top left is Roblox content recorded using the Roblox rendering engine today, the video on the top right is a representation of the 3D data we can use to condition the video generation. The video on the bottom left shows the current Roblox upsample video model running in our lab, which does not yet run in real time and the bottom right video shows a mockup of our product vision and what is possible in the future with this technology.

Video World Models: Strengths and Constraints

Video World Models excel at generating plausible, high-dimensional behaviors without the need to explicitly simulate every individual interaction.

Operating Video World Models within the video latent space faces specific technical limitations: The process is currently cost-intensive, and achieving high-fidelity, real-time performance, such as 2K resolution at 60 Hz, remains a development challenge. Crucially, with the world state represented in video space, these models are not currently multiplayer. A key constraint is the fidelity of simulation versus visual plausibility: Merely seeing 500 people moving in a video does not imply they are individualized agents or “avatars with brains”. It is not anticipated that the current video model scale will inherently support the complex, individualized agent simulation required for a true multiplayer experience.

This capability is crucial when managing a living crowd of 20,000 people reacting in real time. But, a Video World Model alone cannot reliably manage the interactions between multiple players over a two-hour session. A world model struggles with strict rule enforcement and persistent state due to a lack of long-term memory and consistent logic. Video World Models lack user input control data, which is why playing a Video World Model is not fun. Because Video World Models struggle with persistent state, consistent logic, user input control, and true multiplayer agent simulation, current models are more like guided dreams.

The interactive video models we're seeing today are impressive, but basically vivid dreams—spectacular to look at, but fleeting and incredibly lonely. They lack interactivity, challenge, reward, and persistence—anything that makes a game a game.

Pure neural world models alone cannot deliver on the promise of an expansive, persistent multiplayer experience. While neural world models are impressive in many ways, they fail in many critical areas. Some of these include coherence over time in a single session, long-term memory across sessions, latency, and fine-grained creator control. Less obvious gaps appear when you think about consistent multiplayer simulation, exacting competitive gameplay, highly intelligent NPCs, testing, and incremental refinement.

We shouldn't ask a neural engine to become a game engine.

Game Engines: Strengths and Constraints

The Roblox Cloud and Engine are strongly complementary to Video World Models. With replayable precision, consistent state across sessions, and persistence across time. Take for instance a creator building a Formula 1 Monaco Grand Prix game. They are modeling exacting scoring and penalty systems, roads, crowds, nature, and instant synchronization across multiple drivers. However this precision comes at an implementation and runtime cost. Increasing visual fidelity requires heavy assets, complex lighting, and simulation.

Over the next decade, high-end game engine outputs will continue to advance in realism, but so will the requirements for developer sophistication and consumer hardware.

The challenge the industry has not been able to address to date is how to deliver hyperrealism at scale, while making it accessible to developers large and small, and on broadly available consumer hardware.

This is because the real world has exquisite detail. Surrounding the core game is everything else—unscripted, naturalistic elements like blades of grass, leaves, and branches blowing gently in the wind, clouds of dust billowing and swirling behind the cars, glowing embers and sparks shooting from a fire, and raindrops quietly splashing in an oily iridescent puddle. This content is very difficult to author and to render. Traditional game engines struggle with this visual complexity, looking for shortcuts to capture a simpler realism, as the memory overhead for high-resolution textures and geometry strain available resources. Simulation costs also spiral to exorbitancy with the volumetric lighting, binaural audio, physics, and character simulation that together constitute photorealism.

We believe the best way for creators to build, and for engines to render, this complexity will be leveraging a hybrid architecture in which a post-trained Video World Model will generate textures, lighting, and fine-scale dynamics on top of the engine's underlying camera motion, geometry, and contextual state.

The Architecture: Syncing Game Logic and Video Pixels

We believe a hybrid approach is needed to allow creators to provide high-fidelity multiplayer interaction with photorealistic output. We call this approach Roblox Reality, which combines the Roblox Game Engine, Roblox Cloud, and a Super Upsampler Roblox Video World Model.

The Roblox Reality hybrid architecture divides responsibilities between the Roblox Game Engine and the Roblox Video World Model.

The Roblox Game Engine handles the structured and logical aspects of the world, providing stable long-term memory, symbolic logic, and repeatable simulation. It is also responsible for fundamental physical operations like collision and behaviors. Primary movement of objects is managed in the engine, for example the location and velocity of a car, its wheels, shocks, and steering. Building on this, the Video World Model layers on additional visual and generative components, like the beads of water streaming along the windshield and the fluttering of leaves as the car zooms by, delivering breathtaking visuals. This approach allows the Game Engine to maintain the data model (the shared and consistent state) while the Video World Model generates the Pixels (the visual dream).

 

Capability

Game Engine
(Roblox Cloud)

Super Upsampler 
(Roblox Video Model)

Primary Function

Handles all state synchronization to keep the world consistent (data model, the shared and consistent state).

Manages the visual and generative components (Pixels, the visual dream).

Core Responsibilities

Provides stable long-term memory, symbolic logic, and repeatable simulation. Responsible for fundamental physical properties (materials and locations) and operations (collision and ray tracing).

Delivers stochastic visuals and breathtaking realism, secondary motion, natural dynamic environments, and fluid physics. Generates higher fidelity textures, more realistic lighting, and fine-scale dynamics.

World Consistency

Provides precision, consistent state, and guaranteed consistency. Centralizes the state into one source of truth.

Excels at generating plausible, high-dimensional behaviors without explicit simulation (e.g., managing a living crowd). Operates on the edge for every player.

Data Handled

Everything that is consistent among all players (players, positions, cars, birds, buildings, 3D scene).

Ephemeral things that players do not need to see exactly the same (rusty cans, flock of birds, cloud shapes, sand grains, grass).

Memory Storage

Data model

Video latents

Standalone Constraint

Struggles with visual complexity and high computational demands for photorealism.

Struggles with strict rule enforcement, long-term memory, consistent logic, and user input control data.

Runtime Infrastructure

26+ edge data centers world wide, running millions of game instances, close to users for low latency, peaking at 45+ million concurrents.

Super Upsampler runs in adjacent edge datacenters, and optimal performance, powered by H200/B200-class GPUs (or equivalent accelerators) 

 

Together, this platform supports infinite content creation with deep creator control.

Our development goals for Roblox Reality involve creating a Roblox Video Model capable of delivering 2K resolution at 60 Hz by pulling source of truth from the Roblox Game Engine: both rendered video and 3D spatial data. Roblox Reality will be optimized to run on cloud edge GPU infrastructure coupled with video streaming, while eventually integrating with the Roblox client to support local avatar control and simulation.

Summary

Roblox Reality represents a major step in democratizing creation, allowing any creator to build photorealistic games by leveraging the Roblox Game Engine and Video Model, significantly reducing the development time, cost, and compute that is traditionally required for high-fidelity graphics. This makes creating photorealistic games faster and more cost and compute efficient for our creators. Given the high compute cost, we realize there are challenges we need to solve before we can scale the Roblox Reality architecture. We are already working on solutions to help us optimize and increase efficiency for this architecture so that we can more affordably scale this to millions of concurrent players.

 

Most of all, we are excited to build a platform to unlock games that let our creators build amazing multiplayer photorealistic experiences!

Australia – AUSTRALIA’S OPPORTUNITY TO LEAD IN GREEN IRON & STEEL AT RISK AS SECTOR RECALIBRATES GLOBALLY

Source: Climate Energy Finance

AUSTRALIA’S OPPORTUNITY TO LEAD IN GREEN IRON & STEEL AT RISK AS SECTOR RECALIBRATES GLOBALLY

A new report by independent think tank Climate Energy Finance (CEF) tracking policy, investment and technology progress in the global green iron and steel industry warns that Australia's opportunity to leverage its comparative advantages to lead in low-emissions iron and steel production is narrowing rapidly, and increasingly time limited.

Australia’s policy response remains inadequate to capitalise on its unrivalled global #1 iron ore endowment – its largest source of export revenue – its world-class renewable energy potential, our world-leading superannuation pool of A$4.5 trillion and established, trusted trade relationships with key Asian steelmaking markets. The structural recalibration in global iron and steel value chains is taking shape and gathering pace. 

The report cautions that structural conditions that made the Pilbara in Western Australia the epicentre of iron ore globally and Queensland’s Bowen Basin the global epicentre in coking coal globally will not persist into low-emissions iron value-adding without urgent and transformative policy change. Australia became #1 globally in LNG in 2019, but only with public-private, Australia-North Asia collaborations and patient public enabling investments decades before.

The MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region including Saudi Arabia, Oman and Libya is emerging as a strategically important direct reduced iron (DRI) production corridor, with competitive advantages including some of the world's best renewable resources, least cost methane gas, lower costs of capital and labour, proximity to the EU and less stringent regulatory and approvals processes than Australia. As a result it is making increasingly competitive offers to attract the green iron investment flows that Australia is seeking.

Meanwhile China – the world's largest electric arc furnace (EAF) operator by installed capacity – moves at a speed and scale orders of magnitude higher than Australia in developing the enabling infrastructure of a low-carbon iron and steel economy, systematically building commercial-scale DRI demonstrations and positioning itself to scale green hydrogen and electrolyser manufacturing at costs a fraction of Western equivalents.

The report calls for:

A step change in political will, coordination and speed of execution to position Australia in decarbonising steel value chains, along with sustained investment in technology innovation.
A strategic approach to policy and investment settings that capitalise on supply chain security risks in the Middle East, so as to attract bilateral and multilateral support for first of-a-kind deployments in direct reduced iron and green iron production onshore.

Report author Matt Pollard, CEF net zero transformation analyst said:

“Australia’s window of comparative advantage in supplying green iron to the Asian steel corridor is real, with our iron ore endowment, renewable energy potential, low geopolitical risk, established trade relationships, and a large capital base of strategic, long-term capital that could be deployed into enabling infrastructure. However, what this report makes clear is that this window is not permanent, and the shifting investment pipeline is a sobering story. While Australia is yet to see a final investment decision for a single commercial-scale lower-emission iron proposal, the Middle East and North Africa are advancing proposals at pace with lower fossil energy costs, high renewable energy resources, streamlined approvals and development timelines, and active state capital support.

“The Future Made in Australia policy architecture provides a meaningful foundation, but industry now requires a stepchange in speed of execution, coordination across all levels of government, and the political will to back Australia’s first movers before competing nations and regions can leverage learning curves and economies of scale in the low-carbon economy and  lock down offtake relationships that Australia had the opportunity to secure.”

Report co-author Tim Buckley, CEF director and a former MD of global investment bank Citigroup, said:
 
“It is critical that Australia engage in Green Energy Statecraft to build bilateral, public plus private support with our key trading partners like POSCO, JFE Steel and China Baowu. Australia needs to get 1-3 First-of-a-kind (FOAK) demonstration plants at commercial scale beyond a final investment decision and into construction. Long term demand offtake at a price that recognises the embodied decarbonisation of DRI and green iron produced using clean energy is key. Green premiums are not going to emerge – we need formal recognition of the price of carbon pollution and the value of embedded decarbonisation for Australia to work constructively to enable our key trade partners’ decarbonisation and energy security goals.

“The US war on Iran has yet again highlighted Australia as a key, stable strategic partner of choice with low sovereign risk able to ensure international supply chain integrity. Australia in return needs to value the supply chains of our key trade partners, particularly China’s world-leading technology at scale and low cost in electrified mining equipment, solar, wind and batteries. These are sorely needed to decarbonise Australia’s world-leading mining sector, whose two largest firms – BHP and Rio Tinto – are currently both decarbonisation laggards, being shown up by Fortescue’s vision. Follow the money.”

Economy – UAE Opec exit forces oil into fresh uncertainty – deVere Group

Source: deVere Group

APRIL 29 2026 – Oil markets are absorbing a structural shock following the United Arab Emirates' decision to exit Opec after six decades, a break that strikes at the cohesion of a group long relied upon to shape global supply and pricing, affirms the CEO of one of the world's largest independent financial advisory organisations.

The analysis from Nigel Green, CEO of deVere Group, comes as oil prices edged higher on the news but stopped short of a breakout, with Brent crude trading around $111 a barrel after briefly approaching $120 amid escalating tensions involving Iran and disruption risks in the Strait of Hormuz.

He comments: “A core pillar of oil market stability has been removed by this unexpected move.

“The UAE is not a marginal player. It's one of the very few producers with both meaningful spare capacity and the operational flexibility to bring barrels online quickly, which has been critical to how Opec has managed supply and influenced pricing.

“Removing that capacity from a coordinated structure is likely to create a more fragmented supply outlook at a point where markets are already under pressure from the US-Iran war and constrained shipping routes.”

He continues: “Oil is trading higher, but the reaction has, so far, been pretty measured.

“Markets are already looking beyond the headlines to what this means for future supply. There's no immediate loss of barrels, so the move reflects uncertainty pricing rather than a genuine supply shock.

“Near-term disruption risk is pushing prices up, while the prospect of weaker producer coordination is limiting how far that rally extends.”

Short term, conflict risk remains dominant. Any sustained constraint through Hormuz keeps crude firmly supported, and a return toward $120 remains “entirely plausible” if tensions intensify or shipping flows are disrupted further.

Focus is shifting toward the structural implications for Opec's influence. The group's pricing power has long depended on a small number of members with spare capacity acting in coordination, particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE. A divergence between those producers weakens that model.

Nigel Green says: “Medium term, the balance shifts. A less cohesive Opec reduces the credibility of production caps and forward guidance. The UAE has both the economic incentive and the technical capacity to increase output independently, especially as producers seek to maximise revenues during a period of still-strong demand.”

Global oil consumption remains near record levels at more than 102 million barrels per day, supported by demand from major Asian economies and a continued recovery in aviation. Supply growth outside Opec has been inconsistent, leaving markets exposed to internal fractures among exporters.

“Additional UAE supply over the next 12 to 24 months would, we expect, begin to reshape pricing dynamics.

“Assuming geopolitical tensions stabilise, crude could move back into an $80 to $95 range as incremental barrels come through. Volatility, however, becomes embedded because coordination risk does not disappear.”

The geopolitical dimension extends beyond energy markets.

The UAE's repositioning comes alongside closer financial engagement with the US.

President Trump has repeatedly criticised Opec's role in sustaining higher oil prices, and recent discussions around potential currency support arrangements between US and UAE authorities point to deeper strategic alignment.

“Stronger ties between the UAE and the US introduce a different layer of influence,” notes the deVere chief executive.

“Energy strategy, liquidity support, and currency stability begin to intersect. A major producer stepping outside cartel constraints while strengthening bilateral economic links with Washington alters how global markets interpret supply signals.”

Longer-term implications are tied to the trajectory of global energy demand and the economics of production. Low-cost producers with expansion capacity face increasing pressure to accelerate output while demand remains structurally high.

Nigel Green explains: “Longer term, this reflects a strategic shift already underway.

“Producers with scale and low extraction costs are prioritising volume, aiming to monetise reserves before demand eventually plateaus. Sustained collective discipline becomes far harder to maintain and competitive pressure increases across the market.”

Markets are already responding across asset classes. Energy equities have moved higher alongside crude, while inflation expectations remain sensitive to prolonged oil strength given the direct pass-through to transport and industrial costs.

Nigel Green concludes: “Energy markets are becoming harder to read.

“Fewer shared decisions, more independent moves, and rising geopolitical pressure mean prices will likely swing more and adjust faster.”

deVere Group is one of the world's largest independent advisors of specialist global financial solutions to international, local mass affluent, and high-net-worth clients.  It has a network of offices around the world, more than 80,000 clients, and $14bn under advisement.

Germany – Weleda achieves record turnover through investment in its brand and people

Source: Weleda

Arlesheim/Schwäbisch Gmünd, 29 April 2026

Financial year 2025: Weleda achieves record turnover through investment in its brand and people; Far-reaching modernisation paves the way for further profitable growth

Total revenue rose by 6.2% (7.3% exchange rate adjusted) to a record €484.6 million (previous year: €456.2 million).
The Cosmetics business unit outperformed the market significantly, increasing revenue by 9.2% (10.2% exchange rate adjusted) effects to €401.9 million
(previous year: €367.9 million).

Revenue in the Pharmaceuticals business unit fell by 6.3% (4.7 % exchange rate adjusted) to €82.7 million (previous year: €88.2 million) in a challenging environment.
Operating profit of €9.5 million (previous year: €23 million), driven on the one hand by disproportionately high investment in brand modernisation and the successful launch of innovations, and on the other hand by a weaker pharmaceuticals segment.

CEO Tina Müller: “In the 2025 financial year, we consistently drove forward the far-reaching modernisation of Weleda and invested in the highest quality and future viability. It was a year of innovation and investment – in our brand, digitisation and additional specialist expertise. This enabled us to achieve record revenue for the second year in a row while also laying the foundation for further profitable growth. Our substantial investments, particularly in the launch of new products, have driven our growth and had a short-term impact on our results. Viewed in the context of our sustained success, we are prepared to accept this. Here at Weleda, we have always been committed to long-term, responsible business practices.”

A successful start to 2026: growth once again outpaced the market in the first quarter.

Weleda AG, the global market leader in certified natural cosmetics and anthroposophic medicines, continued its growth trajectory in the 2025 financial year. Revenue rose by 6.2% (7.3% exchange rate adjusted) to €484.6 million (previous year: €456.2 million) – the highest figure in the company's history.

Weleda's growth last year was driven by the strong performance of the Cosmetics business unit, which accounted for more than 80% of total revenue. Here, for the second consecutive year, Weleda achieved growth in every region worldwide and was able to increase revenue by 9.2% to €401.9 million (previous year: €367.9 million). This marks the first time the company has exceeded the €400 million mark. In the highly competitive cosmetics sector, Weleda outperformed the market and gained market share, particularly in its core D-A-CH region.

“Our innovation drive is paying off”, says Tina Müller, CEO of Weleda AG. “We have never successfully launched as many products as we did last year, and all of them contributed to our growth.”

For example, Weleda achieved the most successful new skincare launch of the year in the German facial care market with its 'Booster Drops', which were developed specifically for younger target audiences. With its 'Cell Longevity' skincare range and the multi-generational 'minLen' line, the company also tapped into the premium segment.

In the Pharmaceuticals business unit, however, Weleda was unable to match the previous year's figures (€88.2 million) in a challenging market environment, recording sales of €82.7 million. Business performance was adversely affected by structural changes in the high-street pharmacy market in Germany and weaker overall demand in the homeopathic and anthroposophic segment.

High investment and a decline in the pharmaceutical business impact profits
Substantial investment in brand modernisation, the expansion of the product portfolio and strong marketing communications for new products has significantly accelerated Weleda's growth, whilst at the same time temporarily weighing on profitability. In total, €22 million more was invested in branding and marketing last financial year than in the previous year.

The dip in sales in the pharmaceuticals sector further impacted earnings performance. Weleda also made targeted investments in improving its logistics and IT processes, as well as in digitisation and research and development. These investments are also reflected in higher personnel and material costs and underscore the commitment to quality and the company's ongoing development. Against this backdrop, the operating profit of €9.5 million was below the high figure for the previous year (€23 million), although operating cash flow improved significantly (+4% compared with the previous year).

“In the 2025 financial year, we consistently drove forward the far-reaching modernisation of Weleda made a concerted effort to invest in the highest quality and future-proofing. It was a year of innovation and investment,” explains Tina Müller. “This means we have achieved record turnover for the second year running, whilst also laying the foundations for further profitable growth.” Our substantial investments, particularly in the launch of new products, have driven our growth and had a short-term impact on our profits. Viewed in the context of our sustained success, we are prepared to accept this. Here at Weleda, we have always been committed to long-term, responsible business practices.”

CFO Christian Brüchle has been responsible for the company's financial management since 1 September 2025 and oversees investments in the brand, innovation, digitisation and processes, with a focus on sustainable, profitable growth.

Foundations laid for future growth in the pharmaceutical segment
In the pharmaceutical sector, too, Weleda has laid important foundations for future growth in recent months. “We are focusing here on a clearly defined range of anthroposophic medicines for the areas of eye health, stress and sleep, and digestion, and we will also be further expanding our R&D activities,” says Tina Müller. These include key clinical and preclinical studies on the Cardiodoron and Amara products, which will strengthen the scientific evidence.

Weleda is furthermore reorganising its sales and marketing activities in the pharmaceutical sector. Since March 2026, these areas have been the responsibility of Dr Stefanie Haefele, who, as Co-CPO (Chief Pharma Officer), leads the Pharmaceuticals business unit together with Co-CPO Dr Mónica Mennet-von Eiff in a dual leadership structure. “With this capable dual leadership, we will continue to develop our pharmaceutical business in a targeted manner and align it even more closely with market requirements,” explains Müller.

The 'Growth with Responsibility' strategy continues to prove successful
The company continued to successfully implement its 'Growth with Responsibility' strategy in the 2025 financial year and, in addition to its achievements in terms of innovation and premiumisation, has also made significant progress in digitisation and expansion into international markets.

Global presence strengthened – entry into the growing Indian market imminent
Weleda strengthened its global presence and continued to grow in all relevant markets. Business grew particularly strongly in Eastern Europe, but Weleda also managed to increase its turnover significantly – by just under 8% – in its home markets of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The company has also been preparing to enter the Indian market – one of the world's largest growth markets.

Digitisation driven forward – e-commerce business significantly expanded
Weleda continued to drive digitisation across the entire company and made its internal processes even faster and more efficient. The expansion of the e-commerce business and the launch of new online shops contributed significantly to the company's growth.

Sustainability indicators continue to improve
In the 2025 reporting year, Weleda continued to invest in sustainability and improved and consolidated key metrics at a high level. For example, the proportion of recycled material in primary packaging for natural cosmetics rose by 12% to 77% (previous year: 65%). The proportion of organic raw materials remained consistently high at 81% (previous year: 82%). The proportion of biodynamic ingredients rose to 7% (previous year: 5%).

Outlook: targeting further growth and improved financial performance
Weleda remains on track in the current year, 2026. In the cosmetics sector, the new products in particular have shaped performance in the first few months of the financial year. In the first quarter of 2026, Weleda grew significantly faster than the market, just as it did last year. Despite a market environment that remains challenging, the pharmaceuticals sector has made a strong start to the year with a good first quarter, sending a positive signal for the rest of the year.

For the current financial year, Weleda expects once again to grow faster than the market, with rising profitability.

“In the future, too, we will continue to rely on the interplay of our four strategic growth levers – innovation, premiumisation, digitisation and internationalisation – with sustainability as a stable foundation,” says Tina Müller. “We will remain true to ourselves:
We are committed to responsible growth, to growth that is in harmony with people
and nature.”

About Weleda

Weleda AG is a Swiss public limited company headquartered in Arlesheim near Basel. Overall, Weleda is represented in more than 50 countries and employs around 2,200 employees. Weleda is the world's leading manufacturer of certified natural cosmetics and anthroposophic medicines. Weleda is a strong advocate for biodiversity and healthy soils. Weleda is a certified B Corp.

Africa – KfW Development Bank becomes an ATIDI Shareholder, Enhances German Investment Opportunities in Africa

Source: KfW Development Bank

Nairobi, Kenya, 29 April 2026 – The German development bank KfW acting on behalf of and for the account of the Federal Republic of Germany has become the latest shareholder in the African Trade & Investment Development Insurance (ATIDI). KfW becomes the 13th Institutional shareholder in Africa's premier development insurer, further strengthening the organization's capital base and its capacity to support trade and investment across the continent.

The official signing of the subscription agreement between the two organizations is being marked on the occasion of a meeting held today in Nairobi between ATIDI's CEO and the German Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development, Reem Alabali Radovan. The new shareholding underscores Germany's commitment to strengthening its economic partnership with Africa and to supporting African institutions that facilitate trade and investment across the continent.

Speaking at the signing ceremony, ATIDI CEO Manuel Moses said, “This milestone is iconic in many ways. First, it elevates our already dynamic bond with KfW and creates more opportunities for German investors looking to engage in Africa. It is also a recognition of ATIDI's earned status as Africa's top development insurer and the acknowledgement of the soundness of our business. Last, it underscores the power of partnerships in a global context increasingly marked by volatility and uncertainty. ATIDI will spare no effort to make this partnership a successful one.”

KfW invested USD 32 million to become a D2-class shareholder of ATIDI, a status dedicated to Export Credit Agencies and Non-African Public Entities. Of this amount, USD 18.4 million are funded from BMZ budget resources, with the remaining USD 13.6 million coming from KfW's own resources. As such, it will assume the obligations and benefits related to its new shareholding status, including representation in ATIDI Governance and decision-making structures and equally participating towards improving German trade and investments in Africa in alignment with the G20 Compact with Africa (CwA 2.0).

KfW's subscription in ATIDI is the culmination of a dynamic partnership between the two organizations. On behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), KfW has supported several countries' membership in ATIDI with over USD100 million financing, thus strengthening the organization's capital base and expanding its ability to mitigate risk and mobilize private investment across African markets. The new equity participation adds a direct shareholding to this long‑standing cooperation.

“Today we reconfirm our long-standing strategic partnership with ATIDI. Together, we intend to further enhance business opportunities for European and German investors in Africa to create prosperity and development for mutual benefit. Our membership is executed on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is only the latest culmination of a successful cooperation that has enabled the ATIDI membership of several African states and has created innovative insurance solutions to attract foreign investment on the continent.” Said Christiane Laibach, Member of the Executive Board, KfW.

Established in 1948, KfW is Germany's state-owned promotional and development bank and a key implementing partner of BMZ in international financial cooperation. It provides financing for projects in critical sectors including sustainability, infrastructure, renewable energy and small business growth in developing countries. Its shareholding in ATIDI is expected to stimulate up to $500 million in trade and investment between German companies and African markets.

Over the past 25 years, ATIDI has grown to become Africa's premier provider of development insurance and one of its highest rated financial organizations. It leverages its partnerships with leading multilaterals and regional bodies – including the African Union, the World Bank Group, COMESA, the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) – to offer innovative credit and investment insurance products that foster sustainable and transformational growth across the continent.

Beyond capital, this partnership represents a powerful bridge between European financial expertise and Africa's rapidly expanding investment landscape. By combining KfW's global development finance experience with ATIDI's deep regional risk intelligence and market presence, the collaboration will help unlock new pathways for investment in strategic sectors thus supporting sustainable growth, strengthening trade corridors and enabling investors to participate more confidently in Africa's long-term economic transformation.

Notes:

About ATIDI

ATIDI was founded in 2001 by African States to cover trade and investment risks of companies doing business in Africa. The organization notably provides Political Risk, Credit Insurance and Surety Insurance. Since inception, ATIDI has supported USD93 billion worth of investments and cross border trade into Africa. It is rated A/Stable by Standard & Poor's and A2/Stable by Moody's, which reflects the organization's robust financial position and strong risk management practices. In recognition of its growing impact, ATIDI was named the Development Finance Institution (DFI) of the Year at the 2025 African Banker Awards. www.atidi.africa

About Kfw

KfW Group, founded in 1948, is the German promotional bank and one of the world's leading promotional banks. It is 80% owned by the Federal Government and 20% by the federal states.

KfW Development Bank carries out Financial Cooperation (FC) projects with developing countries and emerging economies on behalf of the German Federal Government, especially the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The experts at KfW's head office in Frankfurt am Main and more than 60 international offices cooperate with partners all over the world. The promotional financing strengthens economic perspectives, improves the infrastructure, combats poverty and hunger and protects the climate and the environment as well as peace and security – in a common interest. KfW Development Bank is a competent and strategic adviser for current development policy issues.